Information recording method and apparatus

ABSTRACT

An information recording apparatus for recording data into a recording medium taking as recording unit a sector corresponding to a predetermined amount of information signal, comprises a file management unit ( 5 ) to classify an information signal for recording into the recording medium ( 101 ) into a number, two or more, of groups depending upon the importance of the information signal, and a write/read unit ( 6 ) to record the information signal into the recording medium ( 101 ) while dealing with a defective sector, if any, in the recording medium ( 101 ) in a manner designated for the group to which the information signal has been classified to belong at the above classifying step, and record a highly important information signal, when a defective sector is found by checking up the information signal recorded in the recording medium ( 101 ), into another sector.

This is a divisional of application Ser. No 09/247,715, filed Feb. 9,1999, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,356,521.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to an information recording method andapparatus for recording information into an information recording mediumhaving sectors as recording unit formed thereon such as hard disc,optical disc, etc. under defective-sector management.

2. Description of Related Art

Conventionally, when a hard disc or optical disc having a defectivesector, if any, is used in a disc drive, a defective sector managementsystem inside the disc drive replaces the defective sector with a normalone, so that the recording medium will appear as if it had no suchdefective sector.

A conventional procedure of recording a date into a recording mediumwill be briefly described with reference to FIG. 1.

Generally, when a data is recorded into a recording medium 101 such ashard disc or optical disc, the data is directed to the recording mediumvia an OS (operation system). More particularly, the data is forwardedfrom an application through an OS core 105, file system 104, devicedriver 103 and a read/write device 102 in this order and then passed tothe recording medium 101 as shown in FIG. 1.

In a procedure of reproducing a data from the recording medium 101, thedata read from the medium 101 is directed through the read/write device102, device driver 103, file system 104 and OS core 105 in this orderand then passed to an application.

For recording or reproducing a data into or from the recording medium101, the read/write device 102 will deal with a defective sector, ifany, on the recording medium 101, so the stages above the device driver103 can handle the data as if there were no defect sector on therecording medium 101.

A variety of methods of dealing with a defective sector adopted in theread/write head 102 has been proposed, typically including a slippingmethod and linear replacement method.

These conventional methods of dealing with a detective sector will bediscussed below with reference to FIG. 2. It is assumed, for example, inFIG. 2(A) the a twelfth physical address is a defective sector andhundredth and subsequent physical addresses are provided as substitutesectors.

The slipping method is such that when a defective sector is found by themedium check during disc initialization, a sector physically next to thedefective sector is used as substitute sector.

In this slipping method, the thirteenth and subsequent physicaladdresses next to the twelfth physical address are used as substitutesectors for the twelfth and subsequent logical addresses as shown inFIG. 2(B).

As mentioned above, since a sector located downstream of a defectivesector found is used as a substitute sector in the slipping method, notime of seek for a substitute sector is required with little reductionof data transfer rate of the disc drive. However, since it is necessaryto locate and register all detective sectors in a recording mediumbefore actually using the medium, a recording medium going to be usedhas to be checked for defects or defective sectors beforehand.

On the other hand, the linear-replacement method is such that somelocations in a recording medium are provided as substitute sectors inadvance during disc initialization and when a defective sector is found,one of the locations is used as substitute sector for the defectivesector.

In the linear-replacement method, the hundredth physical address assubstitute sector, in place of the twelfth physical address being thedefective sector, corresponds to a physical address for a twelfthlogical address as shown in FIG. 2(C).

This linear-replacement method is employed for dealing with a defectivesector found after the recording medium is put into use. Sincesubstitute sectors are placed separately from the detective sector onthe recording medium, an extra time is required for seeking thesubstitute sector, which will result in a reduced data transfer rate ofthe disc drive. Thus, when an audio or video signal is being recorded orreproduced with respect to the recording medium, sound or image maypossibly appear not continuous.

Digital audio and video information for recording into a recordingmedium are in various kinds such as audio and video stream data, streamdata attributes, record of reproduced order of stream data, informationon mapping of divided stream data on a recording medium, information onusable area on a recording medium, etc.

As will be seen from the foregoing, the conventional detective sectordealing methods handle the defective sectors in a stereotyped mannerirrespectively of the kind of a data recorded on a recording medium.Therefore, a detector sector in a stream data and a one in aninformation on a stream mapping are handled in a same manner.

Of the above defective sectors, the defective sector found in the streammapping information can successfully be dealt with by thelinear-placement method. When the defective sector in a stream data ishandled by this linear-placement method, however, the data transfer rateis reduced so that audio or video signal cannot successfully be recordedor reproduced.

On the other hand, the slipping method can successfully deal with adefective sector already existent on a recording medium when the mediumis used. However, a recording medium has to be checked for any defect onthe front side thereof before it is used for recording, which will leadto an increased manufacturing cost. Further, the slipping method cannotaccommodate a defective sector found in a recording medium after themedium is used.

From the standpoint of the cost of a recording medium, if the quality ofan audio or video information to be recorded into the recording mediumis not considered so important, a defective sector found in a mappingmanagement information has to be replaced with a normal sector but a onefound in a stream data should not be so replaced as the case may be.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Accordingly, the present invention has an object to overcome theabove-mentioned drawbacks of the prior art by providing an informationrecording method and apparatus adapted to prevent a rate at which adigital audio or video signal for recording into a recording medium istransferred from being reduced depending upon the kind of the signal,and which will not lead to any increase of manufacturing costs for therecording medium.

The above object can be attained by providing an information recordingmethod in which data is recorded into a recording medium taking asrecording unit a sector corresponding to a predetermined amount ofinformation signal, comprising, according to the present invention, thesteps of:

classifying an information signal for recording into the recordingmedium into any one of two or more groups depending upon the kind of theinformation signal; and

recording the information signal into the recording medium while dealingwith a defective sector, if any, in a manner designated for the group towhich the information signal has been classified to belong at the aboveclassifying step.

The above object can also be attained by providing an informationrecording apparatus for recording data into a recording medium taking asrecording unit a sector corresponding to a predetermined amount ofinformation signal, comprising, according to the present invention:

means for classifying an information signal for recording into therecording medium into any one of two or more groups depending upon thekind of the information signal; and

means for recording the information signal into the recording mediumwhile dealing with a defective sector, if any, in the recording mediumin a manner designated for the group to which the information signal hasbeen classified to belong at the above classifying step.

These objects and other objects, features and advantages of the presentintention will become more apparent from the following detaileddescription of the preferred embodiments of the present invention whentaken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates a conventional procedure of recording a date into arecording medium;

FIG. 2 shows a conventional method of dealing with a defective sector ina recording medium;

FIG. 3 is a schematic block diagram of an information recordingapparatus according to the present invention;

FIG. 4 is a flow chart of a series of operations in a recordingprocedure;

FIG. 5 is a flow chart of a basic write routine;

FIG. 6 is a flow chart of a basic write and verify routine;

FIG. 7 is a flow chart of a basic read routine;

FIG. 8 is a flow chart of a file management information write routine;

FIG. 9 is a flow chart of a file management information read routine;

FIG. 10 is a flow chart of a file write routine for other than streamdata;

FIG. 11 is a flow chart of a first example of file write routine forstream data;

FIG. 12 is a flow chart of a file read routine for other than streamdata;

FIG. 13 is a flow chart of a file read routine for stream data;

FIG. 14 is a flow chart of a second example of file write routine forstream data;

FIG. 15 is a flow chart of a file read routine for stream data;

FIG. 16 shows the configuration of a file system descriptor;

FIG. 17 shows the configuration of a management information area (MIA);and

FIG. 18 shows the configuration of a MIA map.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Referring now to FIG. 3, there is shown, in the form of a schematicblock diagram, an information recording apparatus according to thepresent invention. As shown, the information recording apparatuscomprises mainly a user input/output 1 which is supplied with a datafrom a user of the apparatus and provides a data to the user, systemcontroller 2 which will be further described later, a streaminput/output 3 which is supplied with a stream data and provides it asoutput, buffer 5 which will also further be described later, filemanagement unit 5 which will also further be described later, and awrite/read unit 6 which writes and reads a data into or from a recordingmedium 101.

The user input/output 1 is a so-called user interface to accept an inputfrom the user such as command, etc. and inform the user of the status ofthe recording medium 101. The user input/output 1 is adapted to send adata supplied from a keyboard, for example, to the system controller 2and provide a data given from the system controller 2 to a liquidcrystal display.

The stream input/output 3 receives a stream data supplied to theinformation recording apparatus and sends it to the buffer 4, under thecontrol of the system controller 2. Also, the stream input/output 3 issupplied with a stream data from the buffer 4 and provides it as output,under the control of the system controller 2. The stream input/output 3is adapted to accommodate a bit stream of an MPEG-coded picture, forexample.

The write/read unit 6 writes and reads an information signal into orfrom the recording medium 101 under the control of the system controller2. That is, the write/read unit 6 is adapted to write a data suppliedfrom the buffer 4 into the recording medium 101 and sends a data readfrom the recording medium 101 to the buffer 4.

The recording medium 101 maybe a magneto-optical disc, for example. Inthis case, the write/read unit 6 will use its head to record a data ontoa signal recording surface of the recording medium (magneto-opticaldisc) 101 and its pickup to reproduce a data from the signal recordingsurface.

The file management unit 5 manages files in the recording medium 101 viathe write/read unit 6. The buffer 4 stores temporarily a datatransferred between the stream input/output 3 and write/read unit 6. Thesystem controller 2 controls the whole information recording apparatus.

Furthermore, under the control of the system controller 2, the filemanagement unit 5 controls the write/read unit 6 and buffer 4, withconsideration given to the file configuration in the recording medium101, so that a data can be correctly recorded or reproduced into or fromthe recording medium.

Also, the file management unit 5 is adapted to detect, when a defectivesector is found in the recording medium 101, the kind of a file in thedetective sector so that the defective sector can be dealt with suitablyfor the data kind. The defective sector is handled as will further bediscussed later.

The buffer 4 provisionally stores a data transferred between the streaminput/output 3 and write/read unit 6 under the control of the systemcontroller 2 and file management unit 5. The buffer 4 employs an FIFO(first-in, first-out) storage means for provisional storage of such adata.

As mentioned in the above, the system controller 2 controls the wholeinformation recording apparatus. More particularly, the systemcontroller 2 controls the user input/output 1, stream input/output 3,buffer 4 and file management unit 5 to control a data write and readinto or from the recording medium 101.

Also the system controller 2 runs a sequence of operations for dealingwith a defective sector found in the recording medium 101 as will bediscussed later.

A defective sector found in the recording medium is be coped with in theinformation recording apparatus of the present invention as will bedescribed herebelow. An information for recoding into the recordingmedium is classified by the information recording apparatus into threegroups as will be discussed below.

In the information recording apparatus according to the presentinvention, information signals are classified into three groups: Firstgroup including information used by a file management system in the filemanagement unit to manage files; second group including audio and videostream data files; and third group including files in which informationdescriptive of contents of a file, reproduced order of data, etc. arestored.

This classification of information signals into such groups is done bythe file management system in the file management unit under the controlof the system controller.

The above-mentioned three groups are different in importance or degreeof importance from one to the other. That is, the first group ofinformation related to the file management is given a highestimportance, the third group of information related to a commentary ofthe contents of a stream data is given a second highest importance, andthe second group of information including stream data files is given thelowest importance. Depending upon these differences in importance of aninformation signal, a defective sector found in the recording mediumwill be coped with in a manner designated for the second group to whichthe information signal has been classified to belong.

Since an information signal belonging to the first group includinginformation used for file management by the file management system hasthe highest importance, it has to be recorded in a positive manner. Tothis end, the following will be effected to deal with the detectivesector.

Namely, the information recording apparatus according to the presentinvention is adapted to read an information signal into the recordingmedium once, and read it from the medium for ascertaining that theinformation signal has correctly been written in the recording medium.

Also, the information recording apparatus of the present invention isadapted to use, if an error is detected from a sector at write of aninformation signal into the recording medium or at read of aninformation signal once written in the medium, another sector afterthat. In this case, the file management system will manage which sectoris to be used for recording of an information signal. Then, aninformation on a sector to be used instead of the sector the filemanagement system has decided to be defective is written as aninformation belonging to the first group into the recording medium.

The information recording apparatus of the present invention is alsoadapted to write a same data in two or more different locations on therecording medium. This measure has an object to cope with defectivesectors which will be found after the information is written, such ascaused by dust, scratch, growing defect or similar.

Owing to this fail-safe feature, even if a sector from which aninformation signal is read is found defective, a same information signalwritten in another location is read and written into a new locationdetermined by the file management system. Thereafter, the new sector isto be used. Also in this case, an information on the new sector positionis written as an information belonging to the first group.

An information classified into the second group including audio andvideo stream data files has to be written within a predetermined lengthof time. Therefore, it is not possible to read such an information fromthe recording medium to ascertain whether it has correctly been writtenthere.

To cover the above demerit of the second group of information, thefollowing statuses are adopted taking as unit an allocation extent (AE)forming a part of a file:

01 Used as a part of a file

11 Used as a part of a file, but containing a defective sector

00 Unused but unusable

10 Unused and unusable because it contains a detective sector

Thus in the information recording apparatus according to the presentinvention, when a defective sector is found at write of an informationinto the recording medium, the defective sector is taken as oneallocation extent and the status of the allocation extent is set to“10”.

After that, when a data is recorded into the recording medium, a sectoris avoided of which the allocation extent status is “10” indicating thatthe sector is a defective one.

When the allocation extent status “10” is allocated to a defectivesector, a data for recording into the recording medium is contiguouslydisposed by skipping the defective sector. As a result, the recordingarea is reduced because of the existence of the defective sector so thatthe data will cone to an area currently used as the case may be. In thiscase, however, the data may be passed to a next allocation extent.

This accommodation of defective sector is only possible when the filemanagement system can interpret the contents of a data located in thedefective sector. This method of dealing with defective sectors canprovide a same performance as the previously mentioned slipping methodwithout the necessity of previously checking the recording medium fordefects.

In the information recording apparatus of the present invention, when adefective sector is found at write of an information into the recordingmedium, the status of an allocation extent including the detector sectormay simply be set to “11”. In this case, it is meant that the sector inquestion is being used as a part of a file but it is defective.

This setting to “11” of the status of allocation extent of a defectivesector is effective for an application in which not so strong anemphasis is put on the quality of an audio or video data recorded in therecording medium.

In this case, a next information can be written by avoiding thedefective sector in the recording medium. Thus, the detective sectorwill not be used any longer. Namely, the recording medium will bechecked for any defect by a data itself recorded therein.

In the information recording apparatus of the present invention, when adefective sector is found at write of an information into the recordingmedium, the status of allocation extent including the found defectivesector is set “11”. Thus, the status “11” of allocation extent meansthat the sector is being used as a part of a file but is defective.

In the information recording apparatus, when a file is deleted from therecording medium, an allocation extent having a status “01” will changeto a status “00” and open the file. That is to say, a status indicatingthat an allocation extent is being used as a part of a file will changeto a status indicating that an allocation extent is unused and usable.

An allocation extent having a status “11” take a defective sector as oneallocation extent and set the status of the allocation extent to “10”.Namely, a status indicating an allocation extent is being as a part of afile and including a defective sector will change to a status of anallocation extent in which a sector is unusable because it is defective,and open other areas.

When an information, belonging to the third group including files inwhich information descriptive of contents of a stream data, reproducedorder of data, etc. are stored, is written into the recording medium, adefective sector will be accommodated as in the following.

Different from an information belonging to the second group, anyinformation in this third group has not to be written within apredetermined length of time but it suffices to complete the informationwrite by the time when the recording medium is extracted from theapparatus or the apparatus is stopped from operating. Thus, a defectivesector with this third group can be dealt with in a same manner as a onewith the first group of information.

More particularly, after an information is written into the recordingmedium set in the information recording apparatus of the presentinvention, it is read out from the recording medium for ascertainingthat the information has correctly been written in the medium. If anerror is detected at write of the information into the medium or at readof the information once written in the medium, the sector founddefective will not be used any longer.

Since any information involved in the third group is less important thana one belonging to the first group, however, it will not be written in aplurality of locations in the recording medium.

Next, how an information is recorded into the recording medium by theinformation recording apparatus of the present invention will bediscussed herebelow with reference to FIG. 4. FIG. 4 is a basic flowchart of a series of operations in a recording procedure according tothe present invention. An information signal is recorded in therecording medium having formed therein sectors each for a predeterminedamount of information signal. Basically, an information signal isclassified into any of two or more groups depending upon its contents atstep S1, and the information signal is recorded into the recordingmedium while dealing with a defective sector, if any, in the recordingmedium in a manner designated for the group to which the informationsignal has been classified at step S1 to belong.

At step S1, an information signal for recording into the recordingmedium is subjected to classification into at least three groups: Firstgroup including information used for file management, a second groupincluding audio and video stream data files, and a third group includingfiles in which information descriptive of contents of a stream data,reproduced order of data, etc. are stored.

The classification into these three groups is based on the importance ofan information signal for recording into the recording medium. That is,the first group of information is given a highest importance, the thirdgroup is given a second highest importance, and the second group isgiven the lowest importance as having previously been described.

The second group includes stream data. To keep a stream data contiguous,it is necessary to maintain the data transfer rate higher than apredetermined value.

At step S2, the information signal is recorded into the recording mediumin a manner designated for the group to which the information signal isclassified to belong. Namely, the recording manner is different from onegroup to another. This will further be described herebelow. A series ofoperations shown in each of the flow charts is a routine effected eachtime invoked. Upon completion of each series of operations, the routineis ended.

Referring now to FIG. 5, there is illustrated a flow chart of a basicwrite routine. According to this basic write routine, an informationsignal is simply written into the recording medium without anyverification.

As shown in FIG. 5, at initial step S11, the information signal iswritten into the recording medium. At step S12, it is judged whether theinformation signal has successfully been written. When it hassuccessfully been written into the recording medium, affirmativedecision “YES” is made and the operation proceeds to step S13. If not,negative decision “NO” is made and the operation goes to step S14.

At step S13, the routine is ended with “GOOD” set as return value. Atstep S14, “ERROR” is set as return value and the routine is ended.

Referring now to FIG. 6, there is illustrated a flow chart of a basicwrite and verify routine. According to this basic routine, theinformation signal written into the recording medium under the basicwrite routine is verified to check the information signal written in therecording medium.

At step S21, the basic write routine shown in FIG. 5 is executed. Nextstep S22 is branched depending upon which the return value from thebasic write routine is. Namely, when the return value is “GOOD”, theoperation proceeds to step S23. If the return value is “ERROR77”, theoperation goes to step S26.

At step S23, the information signal written in the recording medium isverified to ascertain whether it has successfully been written there.Next step S24 is branched depending upon whether the information signalhas successfully been written. When the information signal hassuccessfully been written, the judgment is “YES’ with proceeding to stepS25. If the information signal write fails, the judgement is “NO” withthe operation going to step S26.

At step S25, “GOOD” is set as return value and the routine is ended. Atstep S26, the routine is ended with “ERROR” set as return value.

Next, a basic read routine will be discussed with reference to FIG. 7.This routine is intended to simply read an information signal written inthe recording medium.

At first step S31, the read routine is executed. Next step S32 isbranched depending upon whether the information signal has successfullybeen written. That is to say, when the write has successfully completed,the operation proceeds to step S33. If not, the operation goes to stepS34.

At step S33, the routine is ended with “GOOD” set as return value. Atstep S34, “ERROR” is set as return value and the routine is ended.

Next, a file management information write routine will be discussed withreference to FIG. 8. Since an information signal concerning the filemanagement belongs to the first group in which emphasis is given to theimportance of information signals, a file management information signalis written at a plurality of locations in the recording medium underthis file management information write routine in order to assure apositive write of the information signal in the recording medium.

At step S41, addresses where a designated information is to be writtenare sought. At step S42, the basic write and verify routine shown inFIG. 6 is executed.

Next step S43 is branched depending upon which the return value is,“GOOD” or “ERROR”. If the return value is “GOOD”, the operation proceedsto step S46. When it is “ERROR”, the operation goes to step S45.

At step S46, “GOOD” is set as return value. Steps S41, S42, S43 and S46following the step S46 and defined with a letter “A” are repeated for anumber of the locations where the same designated information signal iswritten. Thereafter, the routine is ended.

On the other hand, addresses where the designated information is to bewritten are sought at step S45, with the operation going back to stepS42.

Next, a file management information read routine will be described withreference to FIG. 9. This file management information read routine readsa file management information, if it cannot be read under the basic readroutine, from another file management information written at one of theother addresses where the same information is written under the filemanagement information write routine shown in FIG. 8.

At step S51, an address where the designated information is written issought. At next step S52, the basic write routine shown in FIG. 7 isexecuted. Step S54 is branched depending upon which the return value is.

That is, when the return value is “GOOD”, the operation proceeds to stepS56. If it is “ERROR”, the operation goes to step S55.

At step S56, “GOOD” is set as return value and the routine is ended.

Step S55 is branched depending upon whether there remains any one notyet tried of the sectors where the same information has been written. Ifthere is such an address, affirmative decision “YES” is made and theoperation goes to step S53. If not, negative decision “NO” is made andthe operation goes to step S57.

At step S53, the address of a one not yet tried of the sectors where thesame information has been written is set and the operation goes to stepS52.

At step S57, “ERROR” is set as return value and the routine is ended.

Next, a file write routine for other than stream data will be describedwith reference to FIG. 10. This routine is intended to continuouslydispose the information signal by skipping a defective sector.

At first step S61, an allocation extent (AE) is allocated to determinethe address and length of the allocation extent. At next step S62, thebasic write and verify routine shown in FIG. 6 is executed. Note thatthe allocation extent is indicated with a reference “AE”.

Next step S63 is branched depending upon which the return value is. Thatis to say, when the return value is “GOOD”, the operation goes to stepS65. If it is “ERROR”, the operation proceeds to step S64.

At step S64, a sector where an error is found and sectors before andafter the defective sector are taken as separate allocation extent andthe status of the allocation extent where the error is found is taken as“10”. An allocation extent after the separate allocation extent is takenas a next location where an information signal is to be written next,and the operation goes to step S62.

As having previously been described, the status of allocation extent hasthe following meaning:

01 The allocation extent is used as a part of a file.

11 The allocation extent is used as a part of a file, but contains adefective sector.

00 The allocation extent is unused but unusable.

10 The allocation extent is unused and unusable because it contains adetective sector.

Step S65 is branched depending upon whether all information signals havebeen written. That is, when all the information signals have beenwritten, affirmative decision “YES” is made and the operation goes tostep S66. If not, negative decision “NO” is made and the operation goesto step S61.

At step S66, “GOOD” is set as return value and the routine is ended.

Next, a first example of file write routine for stream data will bedescribed with reference to FIG. 11.

In this first example of stream data file write routine, a defectivesector is taken as status “11”. This is effective for an application inwhich the quality of audio and video data is not so much emphasized. Inthis case, the defective sector can be avoided at a next write of such adata. Namely, the defective sector will not be used any longer. Therecording medium will be checked for any defect by a data itselfrecorded therein.

At first step S71, an allocation extent is allocated to determine theaddress and length of the allocation extent. At next step S72, the basicwrite routine shown in FIG. 5 is executed. Next step S73 is brancheddepending upon which the return value is. That is to say, when thereturn value is “GOOD”, the operation goes to step S75. If it is“ERROR”, the operation proceeds to step S74.

Step S75 is branched depending upon whether all information signals havebeen written. That is, when all the information signals have beenwritten, affirmative decision “YES” is made and the operation goes tostep S76. If not, negative decision “NO” is made and the operation goesback to step S71.

At step S76, “GOOD” is set as return value and the routine is ended.

Next, a flow chart of a file read routine for other than stream datawill be described with reference to FIG. 12.

At first step S81, an allocation extent is allocated to determine theaddress and length of the allocation extent. At next step 82, the basicread routine shown in FIG. 7 is executed. Next step S83 is brancheddepending upon which the return value is. That is to say, when thereturn value is “GOOD”, the operation goes to step S85. If it is“ERROR”, the operation proceeds to step S84.

Step S84 is branched depending upon whether all information signals havebeen written. That is, when all the information signals have beenwritten, affirmative decision “YES” is made and the operation goes tostep S86. If not, negative decision “NO” is made and the operation goesback to step S81.

At step S86, “GOOD” is set as return value and the routine is ended.

At step S85, the status of the allocation extent is set “11”. At nextstep S87, “ERROR” is set as return value and the routine is ended.

Next, a file read routine for stream data will be described withreference to FIG. 13.

At first step S91, an allocation extent forming a part of a file issought. Next step S92 is branched depending upon whether the status ofthe allocation extent is “01”. That is to say, when the status is “01”,affirmative decision “YES” is made and the operation goes to step S94.If not, negative decision “NO” is made, and the operation goes to stepS93.

Step S93 is branched depending upon whether the status is “11”. Namely,when it is “11”, affirmative decision “YES” is made and the operationgoes to step S95. If not, negative decision “NO” is made and theoperation goes to step S96.

At step S94, the status of allocation extent is set “00” to open thearea and the operation goes to step S97.

At step S95, a defective sector and sectors before and after thedefective sector are taken as separate allocation extent and the statusof the allocation extent where the defect is found as “10”. The statusof allocation extent before and after the allocation extent having thedefective sector is set “00” to open the area, and the operation goes tostep S97.

At step S96, “ERROR” is set as return value and the routine is ended.

Next S97 is branched depending upon whether allocation extent formingall the files have been processed as in the above. Namely, if they havebeen processed, the judgement is “YES” and the operation goes to stepS98. If not, negative decision “NO” is made and the operation goes backto step S91.

At step S98, “GOOD” is set as return value and the routine is ended.

A second example of file write routine for stream data will be describedwith reference to FIG. 14. This example finds a defective sector anddisposes a data contiguously by skipping the defective sector when thedefective sector has a status “10”.

In this example, the storage area is decreased because of the existenceof a defective sector and it will eventually overlap an area alreadyused as the case may be. In this case, however, the data may be passedto a next allocation extent. This accommodation of defective sector isonly possible when the file management system can interpret the contentsof a data located in the defective sector. This method of dealing withdefective sectors can provide a same performance as the previouslymentioned slipping method without the necessity of previously checkingthe recording medium for defects.

At first step S101, an allocation extent is allocated to determine theaddress and length of the allocation extent. At next step S102, thebasic write routine shown in FIG. 5 is executed. Next step S103 isbranched depending upon which the return value is. That is to say, whenthe return value is “GOOD”, the operation goes to step S105. If it is“ERROR”, the operation proceeds to step S104.

At step S104, a sector where an error is found and sectors before andafter the defective sector are taken as separate allocation extent andthe status of the allocation extent where the error is found is taken as“10”. An allocation extent after the separate allocation extent is takenas a next location where an information signal is to be written next.

Step S105 is branched depending upon whether all information signalshave been written. That is, when all the information signals have beenwritten, affirmative decision “YES” is made and the operation goes tostep S106. If not, negative decision “NO” is made and the operation goesback to step S101.

At step S106, “GOOD” is set as return value and the routine is ended.

Next, a file read routine for stream data will be described withreference to FIG. 15.

At first step S111, the address and length of an allocation extent aredetermined. At next step S112, the basic write routine shown in FIG. 7is executed. Next step S113 is branched depending upon which the returnvalue is. That is, when the return value is “GOOD”, the operation goesto step S114. If it is “ERROR”, the operation goes to S115.

Step S114 is branched depending upon whether all stream data have beenwritten. When the data have been written, affirmative decision “YES” ismade and the operation goes to step S116. If not, negative decision “NO”is made and the operation goes back to step S111.

On the other hand, at step S115, the status of the allocation extent isset “11”. At next step S117, “ERROR” is set as return value and theroutine is ended.

At step S116, “GOOD” is set as return value and the routine is ended.

Coping with defective sector when writing an information belonging tothe above-mentioned first group will be discussed herebelow.

FIG. 16 shows the configuration of a file system descriptor stating afile management information. As shown, the file system descriptorconsists mainly of a main MIA (management information area) and anauxiliary MIA, each including a start logical sector No. of MIA.

The file system descriptor further comprises a MIB No. of MIA map ineach of the main and auxiliary MIAs. The MIB No. can be used to extracta MIA map out of MIA.

The MIB is a sector inside MIA. The leading MIB in MIA is taken as 0 andsubsequent MIBs are sequentially numbered. These Nos. are called the MIBNos.

Such a file system descriptor belongs to the first group of informationof which the importance is emphasized. Therefore, a file systemdescriptor is written in a plurality of locations in the recordingmedium to assure positive storage in the medium.

Next, the configuration of MIA will be discussed with reference to FIG.17.

FIG. 17 shows the MIB Nos. and their logical sectors. More particularly,the MIB No. 0 corresponds to a defective sector, MIB. No. 1 to a MIA map(0), MIB. No. 2 to a second defective sector, MIB. No. 3 to a file table(0), MIB No. 4 to an AE table (0), MIB No. 5 to an AE table (1), MIB No.6 to a file table (1), MIB No. 7 to a MIA map, MIB No. 8 to a defectivesector, MIB No. 9 to a file table (2), and MIB No. A corresponds to anAE table (2).

Next, the configuration of a MIA map will be described with reference toFIG. 18. The MIA maps keep information on arrangement of tables in MIA.

An MIA map shown in FIG. 18 consists of a MIA map (0) of MIB No. 1 in anMIA shown in FIG. 17 and a MIA map (1) of MIB No. 7. Four rows and fourcolumns forming a table in FIG. 18 correspond to the logical sectors ina MIA. More particularly, an element specified by the first row andfirst column of the table corresponds to MIB No. 0, a one by the firstrow and second column to MIB No. 1, a one by the first row and thirdcolumn to MIB No. 2, a one by the first row and fourth column to MIB No.3, a one by the second row and first column to MIB No. 4, a one by thesecond row and second column to MIB No. 5, a one by the second row andthird column to MIB No. 6, a one by the second row and fourth column toMIB No. 7, a one by the third row and first column to MIB No. 8, a oneby the third row and second column to MIB No. 9, a one by the third rowand third column to MIB No. A, a one by the third row and fourth columnto MIB No. B, and a one by the fourth row and first column correspondsto MIB No. C. This is also true for the subsequent relations.

In FIG. 18, “MIA map: 1” means that the first one of MIBs forming a MIAmap has a No. 1. Similarly, “File table: 3” means that a MIB No. 3 formsa file table. “AE table: 4” means that a MIB No. 4 forms an AE table.

That is to say, a number “7” is indicated in the first row and secondcolumn of the table corresponding to MIB No. 1 of the first one of MIBsforming a MIA map. This number “7” means that the second MIB forming theMIA map has a No. 7. In the table, “FFFF” is indicated in the second rowand fourth column for the MIB No. 7. This “FFFF” means that the MIB isthe last one of MIBs forming the MIA map.

Also, a number “6” is indicated in the first row and fourth column ofthe table corresponding to MIB No. 3 of the third one of MIBs forming afile table. This number “6” means that the second MIB forming the filetable has a No. 6. A number “9” is indicated in the second row and thirdcolumn of the table corresponding to MIB No. 6. This number “9” meansthat the third MIB forming the file table has a No. 9. “FFFF” isindicated in the third row and second column of the table correspondingto MIB No. 9. This “FFFF” means that the MIB is the last one of MIBsforming the file table.

Furthermore, a number “5” is indicated in the second row and firstcolumn of the table corresponding to MIB No. 4 of the first one of MIBsforming an AE table. This number “5” means that the second MIB formingthe AE table has a No. 5. “A” is indicated in the second row and secondcolumn of the table corresponding to MIB No. 5. This “A” means that thethird MIB forming the AE table has a No. A. “FFFF” is also indicated inthe third row and third column of the table corresponding to MIB No. A.This “FFFF” means that the MIB is the last one of the MIBs forming theAE table.

“FFF0” is indicated in each of the first row and first column, first rowand third column, and third row and first column of the tablecorresponding to MIB Nos. 0, 2 and 8, respectively, of MIA. This “FFF0”corresponds to a defective sector.

Also, “FFF1” is indicated in the third row and fourth column, andsubsequent rows and columns of the table corresponding to unused MIBNos. below MIB No. B of MIA. This “FFF1” means that the sector isunused.

As having been described in the foregoing, the present inventionprovides an information recording method which selects a most suitablemethod of coping with a defective sector in a recording medium for aninformation for recording into the medium, thereby permitting to use therecording medium with a highest reliance and lowest cost.

Also, the present invention provides an information recording apparatuswhich selects a most suitable method of coping with a defective sectorin a recording medium for an information for recording into the medium,thereby permitting to use the recording medium with a highest relianceand lowest cost.

What is claimed is:
 1. A recording apparatus for recording on a discshaped recording medium, comprising: a recording unit operable to recorddisc management information, audio and/or video information and playbackcontrol information on the recording medium; and a controller operableto control the recording unit to perform a write and verify operationwhen the playback control information is recorded, and to control therecording unit not to perform the write and verify operation when theaudio and/or video information is recorded, whereby when audio and/orvideo information is being recorded and a defective sector of therecording medium is encountered, an indication that the sector isdefective is provided and the sector is passed over during recording,and when disc management information is being recorded and a defectivesector of the recording medium is encountered a logical replacement isprovided for the defective sector such that a defective indication isnot necessary and the system does not appear to be passing over thesector.
 2. A recording apparatus according to claim 1, wherein thecontroller controls the recording unit to replace the defective areawith a replacement area when the playback control information isrecorded.
 3. A recording apparatus according to claim 1, wherein thecontroller controls the recording unit to perform the write and verifyoperation when the disc management information is recorded.
 4. Arecording apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the recording unitrecords a copy of the disc management information on the recordingmedium.
 5. A recording apparatus for recording on a disc shapedrecording medium, comprising the step of: a recording disc managementinformation, audio and/or video information and playback controlinformation on the recording medium; performing a write and verifyoperation when the playback control information is recorded, and not toperforming the write and verify operation when the audio and/or videoinformation is recorded, whereby when audio and/or video information isbeing recorded and a defective sector of the recording medium isencountered, an indication that the sector is defective is provided andthe sector is passed over during recording, and when disc managementinformation is being recorded and a defective sector of the recordingmedium is encountered a logical replacement is provided for thedefective sector such that a defective indication is not necessary andthe system does not appear to be passing over the sector.
 6. A recordingmethod according to claim 5, wherein the step of performing includesreplacing the defective area with a replacement area when the playbackcontrol information is recorded.
 7. A recording method according toclaim 5, wherein the step of performing includes performing the writeand verify operation when the disc management information is recorded.8. A recording method according to claim 7, wherein the step ofrecording includes recording a copy of the disc management informationon the recording medium.